Overview

Although randomized trials have demonstrated there is no benefit of renal-artery stenting in addition to medical therapy for patients with atherosclerosis renal artery stenosis, many patients indeed gained benefit in daily practices after stenting, such as reduction in blood pressure and recovery in renal functions. One important gap is that there is no universal standard to determine whether to stent in these patients. Fraction Flow Reserve (FFR) has been studied for many year in chronic coronary heart disease and FFR-guided revascularization strategy is known to be better than both angiography-guided revascularization and medication alone. The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether Fraction Flow Reserve (FFR) is appropriate to determine stenting in hypertension patients with atherosclerosis renal artery stenosis. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Is it appropriate to use FFR to determine whether or not stenting for hypertension patients with atherosclerosis renal artery stenosis?
• To provide detailed data supporting design of further trial, such as sample size calculating, cut-off value for FFR in renal artery stenosis, etc.

Participants met the inclusive/exclusive criteria will be randomized to stenting or not in the renal artery, then hyperemic FFR induced by dopamine will be measured in all participants. If FFR is ≥0.80, randomization will be applied. If FFR is <0.80, randomization will be ignored, and stenting will be performed as planned. The blood pressure and anti-hypertensive medications will be compared before and 3 months after the procedure based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, all participants will be followed up for 1 year.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• With recorded hypertension, AND the blood pressure is not controlled (SBP ≥140mmHg and/or DBP ≥90mmHg) on 2 or more classes of anti-hypertensive drugs;
• Evidence of renal artery stenosis and undergoing renal artery angiography;
• Able to follow the study protocol and provide informed consent;
• Renal artery angiography shows at least 1 main artery with stenosis of 50%-90%, AND the diameter is ≥ 4.0mm.

Exclusion Criteria:

• SBP ≥200mmHg and/or DBP ≥120mmHg at the day or randomization;
• Fibromuscular dysplasia or other non-atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis;
• Pregnancy or unknow pregnancy status in female of childbearing potential;
• Participation in any drug or device trial during the study period;
• Any stroke/TIA, OR with ≥70% stenosis of carotid artery;
• Any major surgery, myocardial infarction or interventional therapy 30 days prior to study entry;
• LVEF <30%;
• Comorbid condition causing life expectancy ≤1 year;
• Allergy to contrast or any of the following: aspirin, clopidogrel;
• Previous kidney transplant;
• Previous renal artery bypass surgery or stent intervention;
• Kidney size less than 8 cm measured by ultrasound;
• Local lab serum Cr >3.0 mg/dl (265.2μmol/l) on the day of randomization;
• Reference vessel size <4 mm or >8 mm.