Overview
Patients will receive a vaccine called SurVaxM on this study. While vaccines are usually thought of as ways to prevent diseases, vaccines can also be used to treat cancer. SurVaxM is designed to tell the body's immune system to look for tumor cells that express a protein called survivin and destroy them. The survivin protein can be found on up to 95% of glioblastomas and other types of cancer but is not found in normal cells. If the body's immune system knows to destroy cells that express survivin, it may help to control tumor growth and recurrence.
SurVaxM will be mixed with Montanide ISA 51 before it is given. Montanide ISA 51 is an ingredient that helps create a stronger immune response in people, which helps the vaccine work better.
This study has two phases: Priming and Maintenance. During the Priming Phase, patients will get one dose of SurVaxM combined with Montanide ISA 51 through a subcutaneous injection (a shot under the skin) at the start of the study and every 2 weeks for 6 weeks (for a total of 4 doses). At the same time that patients get the SurVaxM/Montanide ISA 51 injection, they will also get a second subcutaneous injection of a medicine called sargramostim. Sargramostim is given close to the SurVaxM//Montanide ISA 51 injection and works to stimulate the immune system to help the SurVaxM/Montanide ISA 51 work more effectively.
If a patient completes the Priming Phase without severe side effects and his or her disease stays the same or improves, he or she can continue to the Maintenance Phase. During the Maintenance Phase, the patient will get a SurVaxM/Montanide ISA 51 dose along with a sargramostim dose about every 8 weeks for up to two years.
After a patient finishes the study treatment, the doctor and study team will continue to follow his/her condition and watch for side effects up to 3 years following the last dose of SurVaxM/Montanide ISA 51. Patients will be seen in clinic every 3 months during the follow-up period.
Description
This is a multicenter pilot study of SurVaxM (SVN53-67/M57-KLH) for children and young adults with progressive or relapsed medulloblastoma, high grade glioma, ependymoma and newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.
Survivin (BIRC5) is an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein that is highly expressed in many cancers. Survivin's high level of expression in certain pediatric malignancies makes it an attractive molecular target for new therapies, including active specific vaccination-based immunotherapy.
The design of the SurVaxM vaccine employs several strategies to create an effective antitumor immunogen, including: 1) incorporation of multiple MHC class I epitopes, 2) peptide modification to enhance binding to certain MHC class I molecules, 3) cytokine helper support, and 4) antibody-mediated tumor cell killing. All of these effects would not be expected with the unmodified class-I restricted short survivin peptides employed in previously studied glioma vaccines.
There are no prior clinical trials of SurVaxM in pediatric patients; however, SurVaxM has been studied in several adult trials, including a phase I study conducted at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. Following the single-institution phase I trial, a multicenter phase IIa trial (NCT024455557) was conducted in 63 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. All patients in this study underwent surgical resection of their tumors. Patients then underwent chemoradiation with temozolomide according to the Stupp protocol. This was followed by a one-month hiatus from chemotherapy, during which priming doses of SurVaxM were initiated. The priming phase of vaccination was then followed by initiation of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide and maintenance doses of SurVaxM as an add-on to standard chemotherapy. There have been no regimen-limiting toxicities (RLT) or grade ≥ 3 SAE attributable to SurVaxM, with most toxicities being related to temozolomide. The most common AE was grade 1-2 injection site reaction with 2 patients experiencing Montanide-related granulomatous panniculitis with local skin ulceration at vaccine injection sites, both of which resolved. Humoral and survivin-specific CD8+ T cell responses were observed in almost all patients. Twelve-month overall survival (OS12) was 86% from first immunization and 93.4% from diagnosis. OS12 for meMGMT was 93.1% and unMGMT was 78% from first immunization. Median time to tumor progression (mPFS) was 13.9 months from diagnosis. Although not a randomized trial, these results are superior to overall survival reported in various studies in which patients received standard of care treatment for this disease. A randomized phase IIb clinical trial of standard therapy plus SurVaxM is currently being developed with intent for drug registration, if successful.
The primary objective of this trial is to assess the toxicity profile of SurVaxM in emulsion with Montanide plus sargramostim in children with relapsed or progressive medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma, ependymoma and non-recurrent diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma post-radiation therapy. Patients will be enrolled into three separate strata based on age and diagnosis. Enrollment will be staged to allow for safety evaluations between strata.
Each patient will receive 500 micrograms SurVaxM as a 1:1 mixture with Montanide ISA 51 in a water-in-oil emulsion. The SurVaxM-Montanide emulsion injection will be followed immediately by sargramostim (or biosimilar) given via a second separate subcutaneous injection in close proximity to the vaccine injection site. Patients will receive four injections administered over a 6-week period, followed by 14 days of follow-up, called the Priming Phase (8 weeks total). Beginning 8 weeks after the fourth priming dose, a maintenance dose of SurVaxM with Montanide ISA 51 may be given every 8 weeks (± 2 weeks) for two years or until an off-treatment criterion is met.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- • DIAGNOSIS: Patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary CNS tumor
that is progressive or recurrent defined as progression in any known residual tumor,
or the appearance of one or more new lesions, or new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
positivity for malignant cells, after having failed standard therapy. At the time of
diagnosis or recurrence, all tumors must have histologic verification of one of the
- following
-
- Medulloblastoma
- Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
- Anaplastic astrocytoma
- High-grade astrocytoma, NOS
- Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
- Anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade III)
- Ependymoma (WHO Grade II)
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) Patients:
Patients with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), defined as tumors
with a pontine epicenter and diffuse involvement of 2/3 or more of the pons, are eligible
without histologic confirmation and will proceed directly to enrollment without screening.
• TUMOR TISSUE- Patients must provide tumor tissue (3 unstained slides or paraffin block)
to determine their survivin expression status.
Demonstration of survivin expression of at least 1% on tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry
is required and must be performed in the central laboratory at Roswell Park Comprehensive
Cancer Center (RPCCC) to confirm eligibility.
- Age: Patients must be ≥ 1 year of age and ≤ 21 years of age at the time of screening.
- Screening Consent: Participant is willing to sign a screening consent. The screening
consent is to be obtained according to institutional guidelines. Assent, when
appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional guidelines.
- Potential Eligibility for Study Enrollment: Patients screened for this trial should be
expected to meet the criteria for treatment.
Enrollment Inclusion Criteria:
• DIAGNOSIS: Patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary CNS tumor that
is progressive or recurrent defined as progression in any known residual tumor, or the
appearance of one or more new lesions, or new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) positivity for
malignant cells, after having failed standard therapy. At the time of diagnosis or
recurrence, all tumors must have histologic verification of one of the following:
- Medulloblastoma
- Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
- Anaplastic astrocytoma
- High-grade astrocytoma, NOS
- Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
- Anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade III)
- Ependymoma (WHO Grade II)
Patients with newly diagnosed DIPG: Patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs)
will be eligible 14 to 56 days post-completion of radiation therapy if they do not have any
evidence of progression. Patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), defined
as tumors with a pontine epicenter and diffuse involvement of 2/3 or more of the pons, are
eligible without histologic confirmation. Patients with brainstem tumors that do not meet
these criteria or not considered to be typical intrinsic pontine gliomas will only be
eligible if the tumors have been biopsied and are proven to be a glioblastoma multiforme
(GBM), or astrocytoma (Grade II or Grade III). DIPG patients with disseminated disease are
not eligible, and MRI of spine must be performed if disseminated disease is suspected by
the treating physician.
- DEMONSTRATION OF SURVIVIN EXPRESSION: For patients with relapsed or progressive
medulloblastoma, HGG, or ependymoma, demonstration of survivin expression as assessed
after screening consent/assent of at least 1% on tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry
(ICH) is required and must have been performed in the central laboratory at Roswell
Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC) to confirm eligibility. For patients with
DIPG, diagnostic biopsy for histologic confirmation is not required, and tumor
expression of survivin is therefore not required for eligibility for these patients.
- DISEASE STATUS: Patients must have either measurable or evaluable disease. Patients
with recurrent or progressive GBM, anaplastic astrocytoma, high grade astrocytoma
(NOS), anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade III) or
ependymoma (WHO Grade II) with metastatic disease or leptomeningeal disease are
eligible so long as there is clear MRI evidence of evaluable disease.
- AGE:
- Stratum 1 (progressive or recurrent) patients must be ≥10 years of age and ≤ 21
years of age at the time of study screening.
- Stratum 2 (progressive or recurrent) patients must be ≥1 year of age and < 10
years of age at the time of study screening.
- Stratum 3 (newly diagnosed DIPG) patients must be ≥1 year of age and ≤ 21 years
of age at the time of study enrollment
- PRIOR THERAPY
- Patients with recurrent or progressive disease must have received prior
chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or any other treatment modality.
- Patients must have recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined
as ≤ Grade 1 if not defined in eligibility criteria; excludes alopecia) prior to
entering this study.
- Patients with newly diagnosed DIPG must have completed radiation therapy
- CHEMOTHERAPY - Patients must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive
anticancer therapy at least 21 days prior to enrollment or at least 42 days if
nitrosourea. Patients must have received their last dose of non-myelosuppressive
chemotherapy at least 7 days prior to enrollment.
- INVESTIGATIONAL/ BIOLOGIC AGENT:
- Biologic or investigational agent (anti-neoplastic): Patient must have recovered
from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last
dose of the investigational or biologic agent ≥ 7 days prior to study enrollment.
- For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after
administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse
events are known to occur.
- Monoclonal antibody treatment and agents with known prolonged half-lives: Patient
must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and
received their last dose of the agent ≥ 28 days prior to study enrollment.
- RADIATION:
- Recurrent or Progressive CNS tumor patients must have had their last fraction of:
- Craniospinal irradiation, whole brain radiation, total body irradiation or
radiation to spine ≥ 6 weeks (42 days) prior to enrollment.
- Focal irradiation ≥ 14 days prior to enrollment.
- DIPG Patients: Patients with DIPG are eligible after completion of initial
radiotherapy (with or without concurrent treatment) and in the absence of
progressive disease.
- Patients must have completed radiation therapy at least 14 days prior to
enrollment but no longer than 56 days and cannot have received any other
tumor-directed treatment except the following: Patient may have received
temozolomide or other non-investigational agents during irradiation at the
treating physician's discretion. If the patient has received such agents
concurrently with radiation, then patient must have recovered from the acute
treatment related toxicities (defined as < Grade 1) prior to enrollment.
- CELLULAR THERAPY: Patient must be:
- ≥ 6 months since allogeneic stem cell transplant prior to enrollment with no evidence
of active graft vs. host disease.
- ≥ 3 months since autologous stem cell transplant prior to enrollment.
- > 42 days since completion of any other type of adoptive cellular therapy prior to
enrollment.
- CRANIAL SURGERY: Patients who have had recent cranial surgery (VP shunt, ETV, tumor
resection) are eligible for inclusion, but the vaccine may not be administered prior
to post-operative Day 14.
- NEUROLOGIC STATUS: Patients with neurological deficits should have deficits that are
stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to enrollment. A baseline neurological exam
should clearly document the neurological status of the patient at the time of
enrollment on the study.
- PERFORMANCE STATUS - Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS for > 16 years of age) or Lansky
Performance Score (LPS for ≤ 16 years of age) assessed within 2 weeks prior to
enrollment must be ≥ 60%. Patients who are unable to walk because of neurologic
deficits, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the
purpose of assessing the performance score.
- ORGAN FUNCTION - Patients must have adequate organ and marrow function as defined
below:
- Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 0.75 x 109 cells/L
- Platelets ≥ 100 x 109 cells/L (unsupported, defined as no platelet transfusion
within 7 days prior to enrollment)
- Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dl (may receive transfusions)
- PT/INR, PTT ≤ 1.5 x ULN
- Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
- ALT(SGPT) ≤ 3 x institutional upper limit of normal
- Albumin ≥ 2 g/dl
- Blood creatinine based on age/gender as noted below. Patients that do not meet
the criteria below but have a 24-hour Creatinine Clearance or GFR (radioisotope
or iothalamate) ≥ 70 ml/min/1.73 m2 are eligible. Maximum Serum Creatinine for
age/gender:
- Age 1 to < 2 years: 0.6 mg/dL (male); 0.6 mg/dL (female)
- Age 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 mg/dL (male); 0.8 mg/dL (female)
- Age 6 to < 10 years: 1 mg/dL (male); 1 mg/dL (female)
- Age 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 mg/dL (male); 1.2 mg/dL (female)
- Age 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
- Age ≥ 16 years: 1.7 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
- INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Individuals: Patients who are known
to be Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected must be on effective
anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load for 6 months prior to study
enrollment.
- Hepatitis B Chronically Infected Individuals: For patients with known evidence of
chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be
undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated.
- Hepatitis C (HCV) Infected Individuals: Patients with a known history of
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. Patients with
known HCV infection who are currently on treatment are eligible if they have an
undetectable HCV viral load.
- CORTICOSTEROIDS: Patients who are receiving dexamethasone must be on a stable or
decreasing dose for at least 1 week prior to enrollment. A maximum dose of 0.1
mg/kg/day (and maximum total daily dose 4 mg) of dexamethasone (or equivalent) is
permitted at study entry. Effort should be made to reduce to lowest tolerated steroid
dose.
Patients must be willing to use brief courses (at least 72 hours) of steroids as directed
for potential inflammatory side effects of the therapy if recommended by their treating
physician.
- GROWTH FACTORS - Patients must be off all colony-forming growth factor(s) for at least
14 days prior to enrollment (i.e. filgrastim, sargramostim or erythropoietin). Two (2)
weeks must have elapsed if the patient received a long-acting formulation.
- PREGNANCY - Pregnant women or nursing mothers are excluded from this study because
SurVaxM is an agent with the potential for teratogenic effects. Female patients of
childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test. If the
urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will
be required.
- PREGNANCY PREVENTION - Patients of childbearing or child fathering potential must be
willing to use a medically acceptable form of birth control, which includes
abstinence, while being treated on this study.
- INFORMED CONSENT - The patient or parent/guardian is able to understand the consent
and is willing to sign a written informed consent document according to institutional
guidelines. Assent, when appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional
guidelines.
Exclusion Criteria:
- • BREAST FEEDING WOMEN - Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse
events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with SurVaxM
breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with SurVaxM. Female
patients who are breastfeeding are not eligible for this study unless they agree not
to breastfeed.
- CONCURRENT ILLNESS:
- Active, uncontrolled infection requiring treatment (including HIV infection)
- Patients with spinal cord primary tumors
- Patients with relapsed or progressive DIPG or midline glioma
- Patients with Grade I myxopapillary ependymoma
- Patients with WHO Grade I or II gliomas are not eligible unless tumor is
located within the pons or brainstem
- Patients with active autoimmune disease or documented history of autoimmune
disease/syndrome that requires ongoing systemic steroids or systemic
immunosuppressive agents, with the exception of:
- Patients with vitiligo or resolved asthma/atopy
- Patients with hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement or Sjogren's
syndrome
- History of or ongoing pneumonitis or significant interstitial lung disease
- Patients with any clinically significant unrelated systemic illness
(significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic or other organ dysfunction), that
in the opinion of the investigator would compromise the patient's ability to
tolerate protocol therapy, put them at additional risk for toxicity or would
interfere with the study procedures or results.
- Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or
treatment has the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy
assessment of the investigational regimen for this trial.
- Any medical condition that, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator,
would compromise the patient's ability to participate in the study.
- CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS:
- Patients who are receiving any other anti-cancer or investigational drug
therapy are ineligible.
- Patients who are receiving any cannabidiol (CBD) or medical marijuana
treatment are ineligible.
- Patients who have received the last vaccination of a live vaccine ≤ 30 days
prior to enrollment are ineligible. Examples of live vaccines include, but
are not limited to, the following: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella,
yellow fever, rabies, BCG, and typhoid (oral) vaccine. Seasonal influenza
vaccines for injection are generally killed virus vaccines and are allowed;
however, intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist®) are live attenuated
vaccines and must meet timeline for live vaccine.
- Patients who have received an inactivated virus, peptide, or mRNA vaccine
within 14 days of the start of protocol therapy are ineligible.
- Patients may not be on immunosuppressive therapy, including corticosteroids
(except as defined in the corticosteroids inclusion criteria) at time of
enrollment. However, patients who require intermittent use of
bronchodilators, local steroid injections, or topical steroids will not be
excluded from the study.
- Patients may not be receiving concomitant chemotherapy, immunotherapy,
radiotherapy, radiosurgery, interferon, allergy desensitization injections,
growth factors, interleukins, or any investigational therapeutic medication
at the time of enrollment.
- INABILITY TO PARTICIPATE: Patients who in the opinion of the investigator are
unwilling or unable to return for required follow-up visits or obtain follow-up
studies required to assess toxicity of therapy or to adhere to drug
administration plan, other study procedures, and study restrictions.
- ALLERGY: Known allergy or hypersensitivity to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH),
granulocyte colony-macrophage stimulating factor (sargramostim) or MRI contrast
agent.
- BLEEDING DISORDER: Patients with a known coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis or
requires the use of systemic, anticoagulant medication are not eligible.
- BULKY DISEASE: Patients with bulky tumor on imaging are ineligible. Bulky tumor
is defined as any of the following:
- Tumor with evidence of clinically significant uncal herniation causing
midbrain compression or midline shift greater than 5 mm
- Tumor with a diameter >4cm in one dimension on T2/FLAIR
- Tumor that in the opinion of the site investigator, shows significantly
rapid progression of mass effect in either the brain or spinal cord such
that the priming phase of vaccination (i.e., 6 weeks) cannot be completed
before clinical deterioration is likely to occur.
Treating physicians should contact the Study Chair to request a rapid central imaging
review to confirm fulfilment of these eligibility criteria, if they have concerns. If
clinically appropriate, surgical debulking of large tumors should be considered before
study entry.