Overview

Although shoulder surgeries can effectively relieve pain intensity and restore shoulder function, some patients reported persistent post-operative pain at the 6-month post-surgery follow-up visit. This randomized study aims to determine the effectiveness of three different types of bio-psychosocial support to pre-operative shoulder surgery patients. This study will examine the differential effects of brief mindfulness-based breathing, heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF), and cognitive behavioral pain psychoeducation for pre-operative patients.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

shoulder pain patients with

• (1) pain ≥3months and ≥3 days per week
• (2) pain intensity ≥ 40 (VAS scale from 0 no pain to 100 very painful)
• (3) the surgical indication would be based on orthopedics opinions

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of shoulder surgery in the prior 3 years
• osteoporotic vertebral fractures or rheumatologic diseases
• chronic widespread pain syndromes (fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome)
• neurological disease (i.e., stroke, parkinson's disease, etc..)
• psychiatric disease (i.e., dementia, depression, schizophrenia, etc)
• cancer
• patients who practiced yoga, meditation, chi-qong, mindfulness, or deep breathing exercises more than three times per week