Overview
The purpose of this study is to evaluate opioid dose effects on the ability of the diaphragm muscle to generate higher force behaviors.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adult male and female patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery at the study institutions (St. Mary Hospital and Rochester Methodist Hospital within the Mayo Clinic Rochester hospital system).
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients who refuse research participation.
- Patients who are pregnant.
- Patients with known pulmonary pathology (COPD, asthma requiring routine treatment).