Overview

An investigator-initiated, open-label, multi-center, randomized, non-inferiority trial of children aged 3 months to 13 years with acute uncomplicated febrile urinary tract infection. The primary objective is to determine whether individualized antibiotic therapy based on an algorithm (experimental arm) versus standard antibiotic therapy of 10 days (control arm) can reduce the number of days with antibiotic therapy within 28 days after treatment initiation without increasing the risk of recurrent urinary tract infection regardless of the pathogen or death of any cause within 28 days after end of treatment. Children will be randomized 1:1. The medical treatments received are identical in both groups.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Clinical suspicion of febrile (≥38 °C) urinary tract infection.
2. Positive urine culture of uropathogenic bacteria obtained by either suprapubic bladder aspiration, sterile intermittent catheterization, or midstream urine.
   1. Suprapubic bladder aspiration: any growth of bacteria.
   2. Sterile intermittent catheterization: monoculture with ≥10^3 cfu/ml.
   3. Midstream urine x 2: Monoculture with the bacteria in both tests with ≥10^4 cfu/ml.
   4. Midstream urine x 2: Monoculture with the bacteria in both tests with ≥10^5 cfu/ml in one test and 10^3 cfu/ml in another test.
   5. Midstream urine x 1 (≥10 years of age): Monoculture with ≥10^5 cfu/ml.
3. 3 months to 13 years of age (corrected age in case of premature birth).
4. Parents fluent in Danish or English.
5. Informed consent both parents.

        All children who do not receive any empirical antibiotic therapy but have a positive urine
        culture (approximately 48 hours after urine sample collection) can be included if fever (≥
        38.0 °C) is present and the child is initiated with relevant antibiotic therapy. ¨
        Children can be included regardless of whether intravenous or oral antibiotics were given
        as empirical therapy.
        Exclusion Criteria:
          1. Non-Danish civil registration number.
          2. Not resident in the Capital Region or Region Zealand in Denmark at primary visit.
          3. Previous inclusion in the trial.
          4. History of febrile (≥38 °C) urinary tract infection in the last 28 days before the
             primary visit.
          5. Antibiotic treatment in the last two weeks before the primary visit.
          6. Three or more episodes with febrile (≥38 °C) urinary tract infection within one year
             of the primary visit (including the current episode).
          7. Previous complicated episode of febrile (≥38 °C) urinary tract infection (e.g., renal
             abscess or urosepticemia)
          8. Non-compliance ≥3 doses of antibiotics during empirical therapy.
          9. Elevated creatinine.
         10. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment.
         11. Known urogenital abnormalities (i.e., obstructing uropathies; vesicoureteral reflux;
             multicystic dysplasia; renal dysplasia; renal hypoplasia; renal agenesis; duplex
             kidney; polycystic kidney disease; neurogenic bladder dysfunction; hypospadias).
         12. Septic.
         13. Positive blood culture (if contamination is not suspected).
         14. Immune deficiency.
         15. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy.