Description

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may be associated with a clinically significant "graft-versus-tumor" (GVT) effect, even against disease that is unresponsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Graft-vs.-tumor (GVT) effects have been described after allogeneic HCT for neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, melanoma and hepatoblastoma.

The investigators' goal is to maximize a T cell and NK cell mediated graft versus tumor effect in poor prognosis solid tumor patients using haploidentical donors, T cell replete bone marrow, and a unique post-transplant immunosuppression regimen containing post transplantation Cy and shortened duration tacrolimus. This therapy will be widely applicable because almost all patients have a half-matched donor available (parent or sibling). The investigators hope to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this therapy in anticipation of combining this platform with additional post-transplantation relapse/progression prevention therapy such as an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

TREATMENT PLAN Indwelling central venous catheter Placement of a double lumen central venous catheter will be required for administration of IV medications and transfusion of blood products.

Pre-treatment Evaluation All patients will require documentation of a detailed history and physical examination and standard evaluation of cardiac, pulmonary, liver and renal function. All patients will undergo disease evaluation as specified in Table 1, utilizing whichever modalities following the guidelines in 6.1.3 (i). Pre-BMT blood will be drawn per section section 5.12 for correlative labs.

Preparative regimen Fludarabine: administered as an IV infusion over 30 minutes on D-7 to D-3. The dose will be 30 mg/m2/dose (adjusted for renal function).

Melphalan: Recommended to be administered as an IV infusion over 30-60 minutes, depending on volume, on D-2. The dose will be 100mg/m2. Other institutional infusion standards are acceptable and will not be a protocol deviation.

Total body irradiation: 200 cGy AP/PA with 4MV or 6MV photons at 8 12 cGy/min at the point of prescription (average separation of measurements at mediastinum, abdomen, and hips) will be administered in a single fraction on day -1.

Day of rest: A day of rest, i.e. after preparative regimen completion and prior to bone marrow infusion, is not routinely scheduled. Up to one day of rest in-between TBI and the infusion of bone marrow may be added in this window based on logistical considerations or clinically as indicated

Bone marrow transplantation

Bone Marrow will be harvested and infused on day 0. Institutional guidelines for the infusion of bone marrow (i.e. major or minor ABO incompatible bone marrow, etc.) will be followed. The marrow infusion will be done by designated members of the BMT team. The bone marrow graft will not be manipulated to deplete T cells. The donor will be harvested with a target yield of 4 x 108 nucleated cells/kg recipient IBW. The lowest acceptable yield is 1.5 x 108 nucleated cells/kg. The CD 34+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+ cell count in the marrow will be quantified by flow cytometry.

Post-transplantation Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide 50mg/kg will be given on D+3 post-transplant (within 60-72 hr of marrow infusion) and on D+4 post-transplant. Cyclophosphamide will be given as an IV infusion over 1- 2 hours (depending on volume). Dosing of cyclophosphamide is based on ideal body weight for subjects whose ideal body weights less than or equal to their actual body weight. On occasion, a subject's actual body weight may be less than his/her ideal body weight, in which case cyclophosphamide will be dosed using the subject's actual body weight.

Patients will be instructed to increase fluids overnight before cyclophosphamide administration. Hydration with normal saline at 3 cc/kg/hr iv will be started 8 hr prior to cyclophosphamide, then the rate will be reduced to 2 cc/kg/hr for 1 hr pre-cyclophosphamide and continued for at least 8 hr post-cyclophosphamide or administered per institutional standards. Mesna will be given in divided doses IV 30 min pre- and at 3, 6, and 8 hours post-cyclophosphamide or administered per institutional standards. Mesna dose will be based on the cyclophosphamide dose being given. The total daily dose of mesna is equal to 80% of the total daily dose of cyclophosphamide.

Patients will be instructed to increase fluids overnight before cyclophosphamide administration. Hydration will be administered per institutional standards. Protocol recommendation of normal saline at 3 cc/kg/hr iv will be started 8 hr prior to cyclophosphamide, then the rate will be reduced to 2 cc/kg/hr for 1 hr pre-cyclophosphamide and continued for at least 8 hr post-cyclophosphamide. Mesna will be administered per institutional standards. Mesna dose will be based on the cyclophosphamide dose being given. The total daily dose of mesna is equal to 80% of the total daily dose of cyclophosphamide.

It is crucial that no immunosuppressive agents are given until 24 hours after the completion of the post-transplant Cy. This includes steroids as anti-emetics.

GVHD prophylaxis

Tacrolimus On day +5, patients will begin prophylaxis with Tacrolimus (PO or IV as per institutional standards for starting this prophylaxis).Tacrolimus begins on Day 5, at least 24 hours after completion of posttransplantation Cy. The tacrolimus starting dose will be given per institutional standards for adult or pediatric patients. The recommended, but not required, The starting dose of tacrolimus is 0.015mg/kg IBW/dose IV over 4 hours every 12 hours. , or per institutional standard. Serum trough levels of tacrolimus should be measured around D+7 and the dose should be adjusted based on this level to maintain a level of 5-15 ng/ml. Tacrolimus should be converted to oral dosing when patient has a stable, therapeutic level and is able to tolerate food or other oral medications. For pediatric patients, the oral dosing is approximately two to four times the IV dosing. It is recommended that serum trough levels should be checked at steady state after any dose modification and when switching from IV to oral to ensure therapeutic trough concentrations. Serum trough concentrations should be checked at a minimum weekly thereafter and the dose adjusted accordingly to maintain a level of 5-15 ng/ml. Tacrolimus will be discontinued after the last dose on Day 90, or may be continued if active GVHD is present. This should be discussed with the PI. Tacrolimus may also be discontinued early if patients have progressive disease or relapse. If tacrolimus is stopped earlier or later than day 90 +/- 7 days , this should be discussed with the PI This should also be discussed with the PI.

Mycophenolic acid mofetil (MMF) MMF will be given at a dose of 15 mg/kg PO TID (based upon actual body weight) with the maximum total daily dose not to exceed 3 grams (1 g PO TID). MMF prophylaxis will be discontinued after the last dose on D35.

Infection prophylaxis and therapy All infection prophylaxis and therapy will be administered and discontinued as per institutional requirements. The following are recommendations only.

i) During pre-transplant evaluation patients will be screened for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A, B and parainfluenza viruses if symptomatic. Assays of these viruses must be negative for symptomatic patients to be admitted for transplant. Strong consideration should be given to institution of ribavirin therapy if positive for adenovirus or nalidixic acid if positive for BK virus.

ii) Oral hygiene will be maintained according to institutional standards.

iii) Prophylactic anti-microbial therapy will be started during the preparative regimen, per institutional guidelines.

iv) Empiric therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics will be instituted for the first neutropenic fever (specific agents as per current practice).

Growth factor support

Patients will receive G-CSF (Filgrastim®) 5µg/kg/d SC or IV starting at Day 5 and continuing until the ANC>1000/mm3 x 3days or two consecutive measurements over a three day period. For use in the case of fungal infections or subsequent neutropenia (ANC<500/mm3), G-CSF should be continued until the WBC>10,000-15,000.

Transfusion support Platelet and packed red cell transfusions will be given per current institutional recommendations.

Anti-ovulatory treatment Menstruating females will are recommended to should be be started on an anti-ovulatory agent, such as Lupron prior to the initiation of the preparative regimen. The treatment administered will be at the discretion of the treating physician.

Post-BMT evaluation Patients will be followed during (i) the initial post-BMT period (ii) after discharge to the referring physician as per standard practice.

        recipient must be identical at at least one allele of each of the following genetic loci:
        HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-Cw, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1. A minimum match of 5/10 is therefore
        required, and will be considered sufficient evidence that the donor and recipient share one
        HLA haplotype.
        1 year-50 years
        Patients must have a confirmed histopathologic diagnosis and be classified as high risk
        defined by having an expected survival of < 10%. Examples include:
          -  Neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma
               -  Failure to achieve at least a PR after induction therapy with COG ANBL0532 or
                  standard chemotherapy
               -  Refractory to induction chemotherapy with COG ANBL0532 or standard chemotherapy
               -  Patients with high risk disease as defined in Appendix 1 whose autologous
                  peripheral blood stem cell product is contaminated with neuroblastoma or who do
                  not have an autologous product available
               -  Patients with high risk disease as defined in Appendix 1 who do not meet
                  eligibility requirements/organ function requirements for myeloablative
                  conditioning. Patients with >5 identified lesions on the end of induction (COG
                  ANBL0532 or standard chemotherapy) MIBG scan
          -  Stage 4 rhabdomyosarcoma
          -  Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma
          -  Osteosarcoma with metastatic disease beyond the lungs and/or with lung metastases not
             amenable to resection
          -  Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
          -  Any other solid tumor and soft tissue sarcoma with an estimated <10% chance of
             survival will be considered on a case by case basis at the departmental tumor board
             and/or sarcoma meeting
        Previous therapy:
          -  It is expected that patients will have received upfront standard of care therapy for
             their respected disease
          -  Patients who relapse after either single or tandem autologous BMT are eligible (> 6
             months must have elapsed from start of last BMT).
          -  Patients must be recovered from the acute toxicities of any prior
             chemo/radio/immunotherapy or BMT
        Patients do not need to have measurable disease at time of enrollment. Patients with
        measurable disease must have stable disease by RECIST criteria on two scans at least 6
        weeks apart.
        Patients with adequate organ function as measured by
          -  Cardiac: Left ventricular ejection fraction at rest must be ≥ 35%, or shortening
             fraction > 25%.
          -  Hepatic: Bilirubin ≤ 3.0 mg/dL; and ALT, AST, and Alkaline Phosphatase < 5 x ULN.
          -  Renal: Serum creatinine within normal range for age, or if serum creatinine outside
             normal range for age, then renal function (creatinine clearance or GFR) > 40
             mL/min/1.73m2.
          -  Pulmonary: FEV1, FVC, DLCO (diffusion capacity) > 50% predicted (corrected for
             hemoglobin); if unable to perform pulmonary function tests, then O2 saturation > 92%
             on room air.
        Good performance status (Karnofsky/Lansky 60-100)
        Patients (Parents/guardians for those <18) and donors must be able to sign consent forms.
        Patients must be willing to participate in all stages of treatment
        Criteria for recipient ineligibility Patients will not be excluded on the basis of sex,
        racial or ethnic background.
        HIV-positive
        Donor (donor anti-recipient) ABO incompatibility if an ABO compatible donor is available.
        Positive leukocytotoxic crossmatch
        Women of childbearing potential who currently are pregnant (HCG+) or who are not practicing
        adequate contraception
        Uncontrolled viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
        Criteria for donor eligibility Age >0.5 years
        Donors must meet the selection criteria as defined by the Foundation for the Accreditation
        of Hematopoietic Cell Therapy (FACT).
        Lack of recipient anti-donor HLA antibody Note: In some instances, low level, non-cytotoxic
        HLA specific antibodies may be permissible if they are found to be at a level well below
        that detectable by flow cytometry. This will be decided on a case-by-case basis by the PI
        and one of the immunogenetics directors.
        In the event that two or more eligible donors are identified, the following order of
        priority will be used to determine the preferred donor:
          1. Medically and psychologically fit and willing to donate
          2. Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor (KIR) Haplotype B Donor
          3. Red blood-cell compatibility (in order of preference)
               1. RBC cross-match compatible
               2. Minor ABO incompatibility
               3. Major ABO incompatibility
          4. For CMV seronegative recipients, a CMV seronegative donor. For CMV seropositive
             recipients, a CMV seropositive donor is preferred.
          5. When possible, HLA-mismatched donors will be prioritized over HLA-matched to maximize
             an allogeneic benefit.
        If more than one preferred donor is identified from the above list and there is no medical
        reason to prefer one of them, then the following guidelines are recommended:
          1. If the patient is male, choose a male donor
          2. Choose the youngest preferred donor
          3. If the patient and family express a strong preference for a particular donor, use that
             one.