Overview
Exhaled volatile organic compounds will be measured during daytime with the goal to identifying circadian variability. The study incudes three subgroups: people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes, and people with type 2 diabetes. A total of 60 people will be recruited for the study.
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Subgroup 1:
- Age 18 or older
- HbA1c below 6.5%
- Written informed consent
Subgroup 2:
- Age 18 or older
- T1D (Type 1 diabetes) with MDI (multiple daily injection) or CSII (Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy) therapy >1 year
- Written informed consent
Subgroup 3
- Age 18 or older
- T2D (Type 2 diabetes) with oral antidiabetic medication or insulin therapy
- Written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding
- Smoking (last cigarette less than 6 months ago)
- Any chronical lung and intestinal disease diagnosis (such as intestinal bowel disease (IBD); asthma; COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); lung cancer, …)
- Coeliac disease
- Lactose and fructose intolerance
- Any acute disease diagnosis (such as viral or bacterial infection)
- Drinking habit of more than four units of alcohol per day
- Current inhaled medicines treatments
- Antibiotic treatment in the previous 4 months