Overview
Abstract
Introduction Frozen shoulder is a common musculoskeletal disorder with reported lifetime prevalence to be 2%~5% in the general population. Patients with frozen shoulders present with chronic pain and limited range of motion of affected shoulder and often cause an adverse impact on their daily activities and working ability. Shoulder exercises had been proven to be effective in treatment of frozen shoulders and the effects were even better after intraarticular corticosteroid injection. Strategies to enhance home exercise for patients with frozen shoulders are essential.
Objective To compare the effects of home exercises delivered by a newly developed app named Defrozen app with that by convention home exercise for frozen shoulder patients after intra-articular corticosteroid injection.
Methods and analysis This is a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded clinical trial. Seventy-eight individuals diagnosed with frozen shoulders will be randomly divided into two groups. The primary outcome will be shoulder pain evaluated by 11-point numeric rating scale. The secondary outcomes will include shoulder passive range of motion (measured with a universal goniometer), , Oxford shoulder score and Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire. Feasibility of the app includes including Technology Acceptance Model (TAM-2), System Usability Scale (SUS) and Usability, Satisfaction and Ease of Use (USE) questionnaire . The treatment will be conducted for 6 months (Defrozen app home exercise x conventional home exercise by instructions from printed pamphlets).All participants will receive outcome measurements assessment prior to randomization , 4 weeks , 12 weeks after injections interventions. Feasibility will be evaluated 4 weeks after intervention in the Defrozen app group.
Ethics and dissemination The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences.
Description
The primary objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that a 12-week frozen shoulder exercise program delivered through the mobile app will result in greater improvement in shoulder pain compared to the control group. The control group will receive conventional home exercises provided on paper for patients with frozen shoulder after undergoing intra-articular corticosteroid injection.The secondary objective is to assess the differences in range of motion and functional outcomes between the two groups of patients. Additionally, the feasibility and acceptability of the Defrozen-App to these patients will be evaluated.
This study will employ a prospective, two-armed, assessor-blinded superiority randomized controlled trial design to compare two parallel groups of patients with primary frozen shoulder. The study was designed in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines for planning interventional trials. The trial results will be reported following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines.
This study will be conducted in the northern branch of a medical system, which includes three hospitals located in northern Taiwan. The trial is registered [provide registration number or leave it blank if not available]. The recruitment of patients will take place in the clinic of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Linko, and Taoyuan branches.
A Mobile Phone App for Demonstrating Home Exercises for Frozen Shoulder:
The Defrozen app is designed to provide simple home exercise programs for patients with frozen shoulders. It includes various features such as a training mode with exercise demonstrations, an exercise calendar, and pain evaluation.The main screen of the app displays exercise videos that are demonstrated by one of our researchers. It consists of seven sets of exercises specifically selected by physicians and a physiotherapist in our team. These exercises include Finger Walk for shoulder flexion and abduction, self-stretching exercises for shoulder external rotation and pectoral muscles, and crossover arm stretch for shoulder adduction. Additionally, towel exercises for shoulder extension and internal rotation are included. Each set of exercises consists of 10 repetitions, and we recommend performing four sessions per day. The total exercise time for one session is approximately 8 minutes. We encourage users to follow the exercise demonstrations provided in the app.After completing the exercise mode, the app prompts the patient to indicate whether they have completed the exercise and record their current pain intensity on a scale ranging from 0 to 10 . The app then transitions to the calendar mode, which displays the number of exercise sessions completed on that day and reminds the patient of the remaining sessions to be completed.
- Procedures
Participants will be recruited from the clinics of physical medicine and rehabilitation in a medical center located in northern Taiwan. Detailed information about the study will be provided to all eligible patients, and written informed consent will be obtained from each participant. All study visits will take place at a clinical laboratory near the clinics.
The assessor will collect baseline data from participants prior to randomization. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at two time points: 4 weeks after the interventions and 12 weeks after the interventions. Feasibility of the interventions will be evaluated only after the 4-week intervention period.
Random Allocation:
Random allocation of participants will be conducted using computer-generated random numbers in a 1:1 ratio. This process will be performed by one of the authors who is independent of the screening, patient recruitment, clinical care, and data collection. Subjects will be randomly assigned to either the Defrozen App group or the conventional group, ensuring equal allocation between the two groups.
The generated random number list will be placed into sequentially numbered, opaque, and sealed envelopes. These envelopes will be securely stored by the researcher responsible for allocation. Once a subject has been confirmed as eligible and has provided informed consent, the envelope corresponding to their sequential order will be opened to reveal their group allocation.
- Blinding
Participant allocation and follow-up arrangements will be overseen by a clinical researcher who will not be blinded to the participants' group assignments. However, to minimize bias, outcome measure assessments will be conducted by a physician from the study team who will be unaware of the participants' intervention groups.
Interventions In this study, all patients, regardless of their group allocation, will receive both glenohumeral joint and subacromial space injections. This decision is based on previous research that has suggested a synergistic effect of combination injections in increasing joint internal rotation angle. (Proper site of corticosteroid injection for the treatment of idiopathic frozen shoulder: Results from a randomized trial)The injections will consist of a solution containing 1 ml of 40 mg/ml triamcinolone acetonide and 1 ml of 1% lidocaine in each site. The glenohumeral joint injection will be performed blindly using an anterior approach. The needle will be inserted medially to the head of the humerus, located approximately 1 cm lateral to the coracoid process, and directed posteriorly at a slight superior and lateral angle.Previous studies have suggested that blind anterior glenohumeral joint injection yields comparable pain and functional outcomes to ultrasound-guided injection. Additionally, the anterior approach has shown better pain control and improved functional activity recovery in the early stages of primary frozen shoulder compared to the posterior approach.
For the subacromial injection, ultrasound guidance will be employed to potentially achieve greater clinical improvement in shoulder pain compared to blind injection.Following the injections, patients will receive instructions on performing the seven sets of frozen shoulder exercises mentioned earlier. The APP group will be guided through the exercises using the mobile app, while the conventional group will be provided with a printed pamphlet illustrating the exercises. Each set of exercises will involve 10 repetitions, and it is recommended to perform four sessions per day. Additionally, all patients will be prescribed two weeks of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aceclofenac) to manage pain and inflammation.
Eligibility
Eligibility Criteria:
Patients with frozen shoulder who are scheduled to receive intra-articular
glucocorticosteroid injections, as determined by the physician investigator, will be
consecutively enrolled in the study. To be included in the study, patients must meet the
following criteria:
1. Unilateral frozen shoulder.
2. Suitability for treatment with intra-articular and subacromial glucocorticosteroid
injection.
3. Patients must fulfill the diagnostic criteria for frozen shoulder, as described by
Bulgen et al. These criteria include shoulder pain persisting for at least 1 month,
sleep disturbance (such as night pain or inability to lie on the affected side),
restriction of all active and passive shoulder movements, and a reduction of passive
glenohumeral external rotation by at least 50% compared to the unaffected side.
4. Plain radiographs of the shoulder will be obtained to exclude other pathologies.
Patients will be excluded from the study if they meet any of the following criteria:
1. Age younger than 20 years old.
2. Bilateral involvement of the shoulder.
3. Secondary frozen shoulder resulting from trauma.
4. History of shoulder joint injections or upper limb surgery within the past month.
Presence of rheumatoid arthritis, central nervous system disorders, or cervical
radiculopathy.
5. Cognitive disorders or inability to understand exercise instructions.
6. Contraindications for anesthesia or corticosteroid injection.
7. Lack of familiarity with using smartphones.