Description

Steroids are used routinely aiming to reduce pain and nausea, especially in surgery with high levels of postoperative pain. The majority of international studies on tonsillectomy (TE) are performed on dexamethasone which is used in large parts of the world. Use of steroids when TE is performed on children are also more studied on than on adults. Islam et al 2011 demonstrated in a study that dexamethasone (8 mg) reduced postoperative nausea for 24 hours in a study population of both children and adults. Mc Kean et al 2006 studied the effect of 10 mg dexamethasone on nausea in adults after TE during a seven-day period. Effect was seen during the first 24 hours but not the remaining days. With regard to postoperative pain, the research results differ in terms of what effect steroids have at TE. Mc Kean et al 2006 showed significantly lower estimated pain on surgery day and day 4 to 7 after a single dose of dexamethasone peroperatively. Stewart et al 2002 has shown that, by means of preoperatively given dexamethasone (8 mg) and in decreasing dose over an 8 day period postoperative [2mgx2 for 4 days and then 2mgx1 for 4 days], the patient's estimated pain and consumption of additional pain relievers were reduced. Michele et al 1999, on the other hand, found no effect on pain over a 10 day period despite a relatively high peroperatively dose of dexamethasone (20 mg). There are, however, studies on children, suggesting that there is a dose-dependent relationship between dexamethasone and postoperative bleeding after TE in children. In a study by Czarnetzki et al 2008, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.5 mg / kg dexamethasone were used peroperatively. In this study it was seen that 0.5 mg / kg dexamethasone increased the risk of bleeding from 4% to 24%, which led to a premature termination of the study due to the bleeding risk. In 2012, a meta-analysis of the steroid effect on bleeding after tonsillectomy was conducted by Plante et al. Both studies on children and adults were included. No significant increase in the overall frequency of bleeding after tonsillectomy was seen. On the other hand, a significant increase in the number of haemorrhages that required operative action was noted. This could be interpreted as that the severity of bleedings was increased. It was recommended that systemic steroids should be used with caution until further studies have been performed. The investigators conducted a retrospective study on children with TE in Gällivare with and without betamethasone (69 patients in total) and found no evidence of increased bleeding risk, but also no effect on PONV. However, a significant effect on pain was found during the first 24 hours postoperative with the average dose of 0.15 mg / kg. When comparing different cortisone preparations, 8 mg of betamethasone corresponds to approximately 10 mg of dexamethasone. Bellis et al., 2014 performed a meta-analysis of dexamethasone and postoperative bleeding at TE in children, but considered that more studies are needed to determine the bleeding risk before any safe conclusions can be drawn. Thus, there are uncertainties with regard to the cortisone effect, both when it comes to the size of the dose and whether there really is an effect on PONV and / or postoperative pain or not. On the other hand one does not want to use high doses with risks of postoperative bleeding. Betamethasone has not been studied to the same extent as dexamethasone, and in Sweden betamethasone is preferably used preoperatively to counteract PONV and pain associated with certain operations. The results of previous studies are however not conclusive and there is no consensus of what doses that should be used. In Sweden 4 mg of betamethasone, given intravenously during the surgery, is routine at tonsillectomy surgery. However, in the literature there is very weak evidence that such a small dose have any effect. On the other hand, there are studies signaling that dexamethasone doses of 20 mg (= 16 mg betamethasone) reduced PONV, but increased postoperative hemorrhages after TE surgery.

Glucocorticoids may act via the following mechanisms: (1) anti-inflammatory effect; (2) direct central action at the solitary tract nucleus, (3) interaction with the neurotransmitter serotonin, and receptor proteins tachykinin NK1 and NK2, alpha-adrenaline, etc.; (4) maintaining the normal physiological functions of organs and systems; (5) regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; and (6) reducing pain and the concomitant use of opioids, which in turn reduces opioid-related nausea and vomiting.

2.2. Risk/Benefit evaluation One of the main problems after tonsillectomy is PONV and especially postoperative pain that can persist up to 10-14 days after the surgery. This long period of postoperative pain leads to weakness and dehydration due to difficulties to eat and drink after the operation. Sometimes hemorrhage after TE can be fatal, but normally the bleeding can be stopped with local anaesthesia or diathermy during general anaesthesia. Normally this type of bleeding occurs in 8-10% after TE. After TE the patients normally go home the same day as the surgery. In northern Sweden the distances from the Hospital with an ear, nose and throat (ENT) emergency unit to the home of the patients could be as far as 3-400 kilometers. In this situation it is not advisory to give additional medications, which increases the risk of lethal hemorrhage.

Benefits of 8 mg betamethasone:

• Reduced PONV
• Reduced pain => Less NSAID pain killers => Less risk of hemorrhage
• Reduced pain => Increased ability to eat and drink => less risk of postoperative infection => less risk of bleeding
• Reduced pain => Shorter sick leave => Socioeconomic benefits

Risks of 8 mg betamethasone:

• Increased bleeding risk => more patients comes back to the hospital due to hemorrhage => more patients need re-surgery with diathermy of the bleeding
• Patients with gastric ulcers have an increased risk of gastric bleeding

A previous retrospective study showed a reduced pain postoperatively with 8 mg betamethasone, without any sign of increased postoperative hemorrhage. There are no studies that have showed an increased postoperative risk of hemorrhage with 10 mg of dexamethasone given to adults at TE surgery. On the other hand lower doses of dexamethasone, as for example 5 mg (= 4 mg of betamethasone), does not seem to have any clinical benefits. The aim of the present study is to evaluate if it is possible to register a beneficial effect of 8 mg betamethasone, given as a premedication orally, without increasing side effects as increased bleeding.

In conclusion, the side effects are mild and probably very infrequent, while the positive effects are visible in almost all patients with less pain and a shorter recovery period after the surgery.

3. STUDY OBJECTIVES AND ENDPOINTS 3.1. Primary objective The primary objective of this study is to verify if 8 mg of betamethasone at adolescents and adult TE operations can significantly reduce PONV.

3.2. Secondary objective(s) The secondary objective is to verify that 8 mg of betamethasone in adolescents and adult TE operations reduces postoperative pain but does not increase the postoperative bleeding risks.

4. STUDY DESIGN AND PROCEDURES 4.1. Overall study design and flow chart

The study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study in 100 volunteered patients over 12 years of age selected for elective tonsillectomy at the ENT clinic in Norrbotten. Patients fulfilling all of the inclusion and none of the exclusion criterias will be included. Enrollment will be continued until the required sample size is achieved (100 subjects). Once informed consent is obtained, screening data will be collected to determine each subject´s eligibility for study participation. The total expected duration of the subject participation is maximum 95 days, from screening visit to end of follow-up. The active participation is 5 days (surgery at visit 2 and phone calls, 1 and 5 days after day of surgery). The study pharmaceutical (betamethasone) is a well-known substance and has been used in humans for many years for the same indications as in the present study. Thus it will be regarded as a phase IV study.