Overview
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) describes a set of pathologies affecting the smallest blood vessels in the brain. SVD contributes to up to a fifth of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes en is the main vascular cause of dementia. On MRI, SVD is marked by different types of lesions, including white matter abnormalities, and small infarcts and hemorrhages. Recent studies indicate that SVD develops slowly over the years, starting presumably decades before the typical MRI lesions become apparent. High blood pressure plays an important role in the development of SVD MRI lesions. However, it remains unclear exactly how hypertension leads to vascular pathology. To gain more insight into how hypertension leads to SVD it is important to study mechanisms in individuals (largely) free of SVD, that is before midlife.
Therefore, the investigators aim to examine abnormalities in brain (micro) structure and vascular function in young patients with hypertension. Furthermore, the investigators aim to determine the effects of blood pressure increase and subsequent blood pressure reduction during a period of withdrawal and restart of blood pressure lowering drugs on brain (micro)structure and vascular function.
Eligibility
Study 1: cross-sectional study
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age 18-40 years
- Blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg, measured within three months prior to study participation
Exclusion Criteria:
- Pre-existing cerebrovascular disease
- Pregnancy
- Contraindications for 3 T MRI
- Renal function eGFR below 30 ml/min (for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced [DCE]-MRI
- Major risk factors for acute ischemic stroke other than SVD according to the TOAST criteria, including, but not limited to, large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism and vasculitis based on medical history and ultrasound of the carotids collected at baseline or any chronic disease that could lead to brain lesions mimicking SVD
- Major (neurological/psychiatric) disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis)
- Not able to give informed consent
Study 2: longitudinal study
Inclusion criteria:
- Age 18-55 years
- Undergoing diagnostic routine of temporary antihypertensive withdrawal for biochemical analysis as part of clinical work-up
Exclusion criteria:
- Pre-existing cerebrovascular disease
- Pregnancy
- Contraindications for 3 T MRI
- Renal function eGFR below 30 ml/min (for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced [DCE]-MRI
- Major risk factors for acute ischemic stroke other than SVD according to the TOAST criteria,22 including, but not limited to, large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism and vasculitis based on medical history and ultrasound of the carotids collected at baseline or any chronic disease that could lead to brain lesions mimicking SVD
- Major (neurological/psychiatric) disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis)
- Not able to give informed consent