Overview
To determine is low-dose ketorolac use in the early post-operative period (within 48 hours) provides adequate analgesia without long term adverse effect on spinal fusion rates when compared to post-operative analgesia without the use of NSAIDs.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Over 18 years of age
- Elective thoracolumbar posterior lumbar instrumented interbody fusion
- Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS)
- 3 or fewer levels
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) use in interbody fusion (1.05mg/level or less)
- Consent to study participation
Exclusion Criteria:
- Active tobacco smoker or history of tobacco smoking in the past 6 weeks
- Previous history of surgery at operative level(s)
- History of chronic inflammatory/rheumatological condition
- History of systemic steroid use in the past 3 months
- Auto/Workers' compensation patients
- Traumatic pathology at the operative levels
- Infection at the operative levels
- Tumor at the operative levels
- Major psychiatric illness as diagnosed by psychiatrists and on major antipsychotic /depressants
- Patients on chemotherapeutic agents in the last 6 months
- Patients who has a history of allergy to Ketorolac
- Patients with a history of chemical addiction requiring professional rehabilitation and/or assistance
- Patients with current creatinine > 1.5mg/dl
- Patients with history of coagulopathy
- Patients with history of hepatic impairment
- Patients with uncontrolled cardiovascular disease